What Does Trauma Informed Mean in Therapy?

We gather in Austin, Texas, at Integrative Creative Therapy to explore what trauma informed therapy means in a group setting. I created these groups to offer a space where we can slow down, listen, and feel supported together. Many of us carry experiences that shaped our nervous systems and relationships, sometimes quietly.

Trauma informed work helps us move with care, building safety, trust, and choice at our own pace. In our groups, we focus on connection, creativity, and mind body awareness. I integrate EMDR informed, somatic, and expressive arts approaches so we can gently process experiences, share reflections, and learn from each other while strengthening resilience together as a community.

Understanding Trauma and the Foundations of Trauma Informed Therapy

Trauma, let’s face it, is a word that gets thrown around a lot, but it means something very specific in therapy. It goes way beyond everyday stress. Trauma is about what lingers after something overwhelming or harmful has happened, when our sense of safety or worth gets shaken to the core. Many of us are left unsure whether what we’ve been through “counts” as trauma, especially when others don’t see our pain on the outside.

Trauma informed therapy takes this uncertainty seriously. It recognizes that painful experiences, whether big or small, can have lasting effects. More importantly, it treats those effects with compassion, not judgment. The approach grew out of the realization that traditional mental health care sometimes missed the mark, expecting people to just “cope,” without honoring what they survived or how it changed their bodies and minds.

If you’ve ever wondered if your own struggles could be understood through the lens of trauma, or you’ve felt dismissed by older models of therapy, you’re not alone. Trauma informed therapy is about validating those questions and making mental health care more inclusive, gentle, and responsive. Up next, we’ll break down how trauma is defined, how it differs from ordinary stress, and explore the different ways it can show up in our lives.

What Is Trauma and How Is It Different From Stress?

Trauma, put simply, is any event or series of events that overwhelms our ability to cope and leaves us feeling unsafe, threatened, or powerless. Unlike regular stress, which everyone faces from time to time, trauma leaves a deeper imprint. It’s not about just feeling tired after a long week at work or frazzled by the rush of daily life. Trauma shakes our sense of who we are and how safe the world feels.

Stress is typically short-lived and manageable, often motivating us to adapt, solve problems, or grow. Trauma, on the other hand, can show up after a shocking incident or from repeated exposure to harm, like abuse, violence, or even systemic discrimination. When our natural resources for coping are overwhelmed, our nervous system can get stuck in alert mode, leading to symptoms like anxiety, numbness, nightmares, avoidance, or even physical pain.

What makes trauma different from adversity is the feeling of being completely alone, hopeless, or powerless in the face of what happened. These responses aren’t signs of weakness; they’re normal reactions to overwhelming experiences. Trauma isn’t always visible on the surface, and it doesn’t have to come from a single catastrophic event. Even subtle, ongoing experiences can add up and change the way we relate to ourselves and others.

If your life feels like a struggle with invisible wounds or confusing emotions, it’s not “just stress”, and you deserve support that’s attuned to the true depth of your experience.

Types of Trauma: Acute, Chronic, Complex, and Systemic

• Acute Trauma: This comes from a single distressing event, like a car accident, sudden loss, or violent incident. Even one intense experience can leave a lasting impact, making certain places, sounds, or feelings trigger anxiety or avoidance.
• Chronic Trauma: When difficult experiences repeat over time, like ongoing emotional or physical abuse, living in a dangerous neighborhood, or repeated bullying, they pile up. Chronic trauma slowly erodes our sense of safety over months or years.
• Complex Trauma: This sort of trauma often starts in early life, involving multiple, layered, or interpersonal hurts over a long stretch, sometimes with caregivers or loved ones who were supposed to protect us. It leads to deep-rooted struggles with trust, identity, and emotional regulation.
• Systemic or Intergenerational Trauma: Not all trauma comes from individual experiences. Systemic traumas grow out of larger patterns, like racism, poverty, or family histories of war or displacement. These forms run deeper than one person and can shape how entire communities feel, think, and relate to the world.

No matter the form, each type of trauma can leave real scars that deserve gentle, informed care. If your pain doesn’t fit a “classic” story, it’s still valid, and trauma informed therapy recognizes that.

The Core Principles Behind Trauma Informed Care and Therapy

Trauma informed care isn’t just a therapy buzzword, it’s a whole mindset, supported by research highlighting its role as a system-wide approach grounded in safety, trust, and collaboration (Berring et al., 2024). This approach recognizes that healing happens best in an environment built on empathy, trust, and true partnership. Working with trauma isn’t about “fixing” someone; it’s about walking with them through their healing journey, aware that old wounds never just disappear on command.

When therapists embrace the principles of trauma informed care, they promise not only to help us heal, but to avoid causing further harm. This means being sensitive to triggers, avoiding re-traumatization, and seeing the person, not just the problem. The philosophy is grounded in the belief that every client brings strengths, resilience, and culture into the room.

What sets trauma informed therapy apart is its commitment to principles like safety, trustworthiness, empowerment, and understanding the larger context of each person’s life. By holding to these values, therapists create space where we can truly let our guard down. The next sections will break down the key frameworks that guide this gentle but powerful way of working, laying out the building blocks of emotional and psychological safety in therapy.

The Four Rs of Trauma Informed Care

• Realize: Therapists and organizations must first realize the widespread impact of trauma and understand paths to recovery. This means acknowledging that trauma is everywhere and it affects people in very different ways, even if it’s hidden.
• Recognize: Trauma informed care trains providers to recognize the signs and symptoms of trauma in clients, staff, and even entire organizations. By tuning in to subtle cues, therapists can adjust care to avoid accidentally triggering painful memories.
• Respond: A trauma informed response means every part of a service or organization is shaped by an understanding of trauma, policies, procedures, and everyday interactions all shift to prioritize safety and empathy.
• Resist Re-traumatization: This approach stays vigilant against doing further harm. Providers commit to practices that help prevent clients from reliving past traumas, intentionally building safety and respect into every aspect of care.

Principles of Trauma Informed Care: Safety, Trust, Empowerment, and More

• Safety: Both physical and emotional safety come first. Clients are welcomed into therapy spaces that are calming and feel free of threat or judgment, allowing honest conversation and exploration.
• Trustworthiness and Transparency: Therapists are open about processes, boundaries, and intentions. Trust grows when clients know what to expect and feel respected, never blindsided or manipulated.
• Peer Support: Being able to connect with others who have lived through similar challenges fosters a sense of belonging and hope. Peer support is valued as a healing force alongside therapy.
• Collaboration and Mutuality: Therapy moves away from “expert knows best” models. Instead, clients and providers work together, sharing power and decision-making throughout the healing process.
• Empowerment, Voice, and Choice: Clients are viewed as the experts in their own experience. Care focuses on building up strengths, restoring choice, and supporting self-advocacy in every step.
• Cultural, Historical, and Gender Sensitivity: Trauma informed therapists honor each person’s cultural background, family story, and social realities. There’s an ongoing commitment to learning and humility to respect differences and avoid bias in care.

These aren’t just box-checking values, they show up in how therapists listen, respond, and create an ongoing safe space for real change to take root.

How Trauma Informed Therapy Works: Methods and Focus

Knowing that trauma affects every corner of our lives, body, mind, and spirit, trauma informed therapy takes a deeply holistic approach. We’re not boxed into just talking about our “symptoms” or reliving old pain over and over. Instead, this style of therapy is all about meeting us where we are, building skills for grounding, and using creative tools that honor each person’s way of healing.

In practice, trauma informed therapy sessions look and feel different for everyone. Some of us work best with words, while others find healing through art, music, or movement. Sessions move at a pace set by the client, not by some one-size-fits-all plan, and always with an eye toward reclaiming safety and agency.

As we dive into the specifics ahead, you’ll find details about how therapy addresses trauma in our emotions, thinking, and even our bodies. We’ll also break down the healing power of creative methods, art, somatic practices, and proven evidence-based approaches, so you know there are many ways to find relief and make meaning out of old or confusing pain.

How Therapy Addresses Trauma Symptoms in the Whole Person

• Emotional Regulation: Trauma informed therapy doesn’t just ask us to “feel better.” It offers step-by-step support to name, notice, and eventually regulate overwhelming emotions. This might be through breathing techniques, mindful pauses, or creative self-expression, giving us tools to ride out strong feelings without becoming numb or reactive.
• Cognitive Restructuring: Many of us carry harsh self-beliefs rooted in past trauma. Therapy gently challenges these beliefs, helping us reshape distorted thoughts and reconnect with inner strengths. Over time, intrusive thoughts and worries can lose their grip as we practice new ways of seeing ourselves and the world.
• Body-Based Awareness (Somatic Work): Trauma doesn’t just exist in our memories, it lives in our bodies. Skilled therapists incorporate somatic techniques, helping us listen to physical signals like tightness, headaches, or fatigue. This reconnects mind and body, allowing healing that words alone can’t provide. For more, see this guide on emotional pain and the body.
• Grounding and Coping Strategies: We’re taught practical ways to anchor ourselves in the present, whether through art, music, or sensory exercises. Approaches like creative arts and music therapy give us nonverbal channels for release and emotional connection, especially when words fall short.

Treating the “whole person” means honoring and supporting every part of our experience, physical, emotional, and cognitive, so we can move toward deep, lasting relief and hope.

Trauma Informed Therapy: Modalities and Creative Approaches

• Creative Arts and Music Therapy: When it’s hard to express pain with words alone, creative approaches like art and music can bridge the gap, with research supporting their use in reducing PTSD symptoms and supporting emotional processing (Baker et al., 2018). These modalities let us process feelings, memories, and meaning through painting, rhythm, or sound. It’s especially helpful for folks who feel “stuck” or overwhelmed by talking.
• EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing): This evidence-based therapy uses bilateral stimulation (like following fingers with your eyes) to help process and ‘unstick’ traumatic memories, making them less distressing (Wilson et al., 2018). You can find specialized providers, such as in EMDR therapy in New York, for focused trauma resolution programs.
• Internal Family Systems (IFS): IFS invites us to explore our inner world as a collection of parts, some of which carry trauma or try to protect us. This gentle method helps us understand and harmonize these parts, growing self-compassion and healing from within.
• Somatic Therapy: By tuning in to sensations and movements, somatic therapy brings awareness to what our bodies are holding. This approach helps us safely notice and release trauma stored in muscles, breath, or posture.
• Holistic Blends: Practices combine modalities, art, EMDR, IFS, and somatic work, so healing is tailored to our unique needs, backgrounds, and preferences, especially for those seeking culturally sensitive and client-centered support.

With so many evidence-based and expressive tools, trauma informed therapy adapts to how we heal, not the other way around.

The Role of the Therapist and Organization in Trauma Informed Work

Healing from trauma takes more than good intentions, it requires a therapist who gets it, and a whole organization that’s committed to creating spaces where safety is more than just a word. The role of the therapist is about far more than technique; it’s about doing the slow, often invisible work of building trust, offering presence, and honoring each client’s full story.

Trauma informed therapists put genuine connection at the center. They commit to ongoing learning, deep listening, and cultural humility. They know that attunement, pacing, and collaboration are essential, because trauma often grows from moments when someone’s needs were ignored or dismissed. In a truly trauma informed setting, every staff member, from the receptionist to the clinical director, is trained to offer empathy and avoid practices that could re-trigger clients.

The environment matters too. Trauma informed organizations consider physical spaces, language, policies, and even artwork in the waiting room. Everything is designed to support psychological safety, inclusivity, and respect. As we dig deeper in the next sections, we’ll explore exactly what makes a trauma informed therapist and how organizations build spaces you can trust with your healing.

What Makes a Trauma Informed Therapist

• Deep Listening: A trauma informed therapist truly hears us, listening for what’s said, and what’s left unspoken. They make space for our pace and honor silence as much as sharing.
• Ongoing Training: Trauma science and cultural needs are always changing. The best therapists commit to continual learning, refining skills in modalities like EMDR, IFS, or creative arts therapy.
• Cultural Humility: They recognize their own limits and biases, working as partners to understand our cultural, religious, and family backgrounds.
• Nonjudgmental Presence: We are met with warmth, not judgment, making it safer to show up imperfect, hurting, or unsure.
• Collaboration and Empathy: Rather than “fixing,” they walk with us, valuing our voice and choices at each step of the healing process.

Creating a Trauma Informed Organization and Safe Treatment Spaces

• Staff Training in Trauma Awareness: Every staff member receives ongoing education on trauma, not just therapists. This ensures that from first contact to last, clients are met with sensitivity and understanding.
• Safe and Welcoming Physical Environments: Offices are designed to be calming and non-triggering. Careful attention is given to lighting, seating, privacy, and décor to reduce stress and create relaxation.
• Inclusive and Responsive Policies: Trauma informed organizations develop policies that prioritize confidentiality, client consent, and clear communication. They make it easy for clients to voice concerns or request changes without fear of judgment.
• Culturally Responsive Practices: Practices actively consider cultural, language, and accessibility needs. This might mean offering bilingual or culturally attuned care, or recognizing spiritual and community-based paths to healing.
• Feedback and Continuous Improvement: Organizations encourage client feedback, using it to assess and improve services over time, showing they see clients as true partners in care.

These steps build the foundation for trust, allowing us to feel safer and more empowered in our healing journey.

Benefits and Outcomes of Trauma Informed Therapy

When therapy is truly trauma informed, the results can ripple out through every part of our lives. It’s more than just symptom relief; it’s about rebuilding a sense of safety, strengthening relationships, and reclaiming our voice and choices. Clients often find that healing through a trauma informed lens leads to greater self-acceptance, improved emotional and physical well-being, and renewed hope for the future.

Trauma informed therapy isn’t a quick fix, and that’s by design. Progress can look like small shifts at first: sleeping better, feeling less anxious or shut down, or noticing a bit more ease in being with others. Over time, these small wins add up, making it possible to rebuild trust, confidence, and a sense of agency in daily life.

In the sections below, we’ll highlight the specific benefits you might notice as you move forward, as well as the subtle and not-so-subtle signs that therapy is helping. Whether you’re just starting or already deep in the process, it’s important to know that real, meaningful transformation is absolutely possible.

Benefits of Trauma Informed Therapy for Healing and Growth

• Emotional Regulation: Clients often learn to recognize and manage their feelings with new skills and self-compassion, making daily life less overwhelming and reactive.
• Reduced Anxiety and Depression: As therapy addresses root causes, symptoms of anxiety, depression, and even physical stress often decrease, replaced by more steady moods and hope.
• Stronger, Healthier Relationships: When trauma no longer runs the show, trust and closeness can grow. Setting boundaries, expressing needs, and feeling safe with others becomes much more possible.
• Restored Sense of Agency: Trauma can make us feel helpless or stuck. With time, therapy rebuilds a sense of control over choices, one’s body, and one’s life path, even after years of struggle.
• Deeper Self-Acceptance: Trauma informed therapy invites us to honor our stories with gentleness, leading to self-forgiveness, pride in survival, and the freedom to move forward on our own terms.

Signs Trauma Therapy Helps: What to Look For Over Time

• Increased Sense of Safety: Feeling more comfortable in your own skin, less on edge, or more willing to try new things.
• Improved Coping Skills: Handling stress, setbacks, and tough emotions with greater resilience and less avoidance.
• Growing Self-Awareness: Noticing patterns or triggers and responding with curiosity instead of shame or panic.
• Rediscovering Joy and Connection: Experiencing genuine enjoyment, laughter, or closeness, even after long periods of numbness or isolation.

Cultural and Systemic Dimensions in Trauma Informed Care

Trauma doesn’t happen in a vacuum. Our experiences of harm and healing are shaped by our family history, culture, race, gender, identity, and even how our communities see us. Trauma informed therapy is at its best when it recognizes this complexity and welcomes the layered realities each person carries.

Systemic trauma, like racism, religious persecution, or generational poverty, can deepen wounds, limit access to care, and add layers of shame or invisibility. Overlapping identities (think: being a woman of color, LGBTQIA+, or an immigrant) can mean unique forms of pain and resilience that deserve more than a “one-size-fits-all” approach.

That’s why effective trauma informed care challenges both therapists and organizations to look beyond Western models and standard scripts. The work of healing honors community wisdom, spiritual traditions, language, and cultural strength. In the following sections, we’ll break down why intersectionality matters and how a truly inclusive, decolonized therapy makes healing possible for all, not just a privileged few.

Intersectionality and Healing: The Role of Identity in Trauma

• Race and Ethnicity: Discrimination, microaggressions, and intergenerational trauma shape how people of color experience and process pain. Providers offering culturally attuned therapy in a client’s language or community can foster real trust and healing.
• Gender and Sexuality: Being a woman, trans, or nonbinary often means facing specific traumas or barriers to support. Therapy that honors gendered experiences validates the whole person.
• Immigration and Legal Status: For immigrants or refugees, trauma may be tied to displacement, language barriers, or the threat of deportation. Therapists who share cultural background or language can make therapy feel safer and more accessible.
• Religious, Ability, and Class Identities: Faith, disability, or economic background add more nuance, shaping what kind of pain is carried, and what kind of resources or stigma are faced.

In honoring identity, trauma informed care moves from “treating symptoms” to truly seeing and affirming each client’s lived experience.

Decolonizing Trauma Informed Practices: Honoring Diverse Paths to Healing

Decolonizing trauma informed therapy means making room for healing approaches that aren’t just Western, clinical, or individualistic. It asks therapists to question old power dynamics and welcome ancestral, spiritual, or community-based traditions. For many, this means including practices like storytelling, art, music, ceremony, or family rituals as part of recovery. Recognizing and integrating clients’ unique cultural strengths isn’t just respectful—it’s essential for real, deep healing. Trauma therapy thrives when we honor all voices and all ways of being well.

Trauma Informed Therapy Across the Lifespan

Trauma doesn’t care how old you are, it can change the course of a life at any stage, from childhood to elder years. That’s why trauma informed therapy isn’t a one-size-fits-all recipe. Children, teens, adults, and older adults each need specialized approaches that recognize their developmental needs, lived experiences, and hopes for the future.

For kids, this might look like play, art, or music to help them feel safe and express what’s too big for words. Teenagers often need space to explore identity and autonomy, along with support in schools or at home. Adults may be working to break cycles or make meaning out of pain that started in youth. And older adults might finally be ready to process losses or trauma that surfaced later in life, sometimes tied to illness, caregiving roles, or changes in independence.

No matter your age, trauma informed care meets you where you are, adapting its tools and pace. The next sections shine a light on what specialized healing looks like for children, adolescents, and older adults, reassuring everyone that it’s never too soon or too late to seek support.

Supporting Children and Teens With Trauma Informed Care

• Attachment and Safety: Young clients need to feel emotionally and physically safe to open up, often through child-led play, music, or creative arts. For example, trauma-informed child therapy uses gentle sensory approaches that match each child’s pace.
• Neurodevelopmental Support: Trauma can disrupt brain and emotional growth. Therapists tailor interventions to children’s age and abilities, sometimes integrating movement or rhythm to help regulate nervous systems.
• School-Based and Family Collaboration: Working closely with caregivers and teachers creates safety beyond the office, building strong support systems both in and out of school, as seen in creative therapy for teens.
• Creative Expression: Kids and teens often process trauma through art, music, or drama, allowing feelings to emerge without pressure for words or adult explanations.

Trauma in Older Adults: Late-Life Concerns and Care

In older adulthood, trauma may show itself in new ways, sometimes amplifying grief, loneliness, or medical challenges. Experiences of loss, caregiving, past abuse, or even medical trauma can resurface, especially as independence shifts. There are links between untreated trauma and chronic pain, dementia, or depression in later life. The key message: it’s never too late to begin healing. Therapy can be gently tailored to support older adults, offering validation, connection, and hope at every stage of life.

Measuring Progress and Finding Next Steps in Trauma Informed Therapy

Healing from trauma rarely moves in a straight line. Still, it’s natural to want some way to track progress, both for personal motivation and to make sure therapy or an organization is really as trauma informed as it claims. Measuring progress in therapy isn’t about hitting checkboxes or racing to a finish. It’s about seeing real, meaningful change show up in daily life and relationships, even in small ways.

Trauma informed clinicians often use a mix of structured tools and gentle self-assessments. Session-by-session check-ins, validated scales for PTSD or dissociation, or client-led reflections help track shifts in mood, triggers, and capacity to cope. At the organizational level, clinics can assess how well they’re implementing trauma informed care by looking at staff training, policy changes, and feedback from clients themselves.

It’s important to remember: progress might be slow, uneven, or invisible at times, but every step counts. The next sections break down both clinical and organizational ways of measuring healing, so you can know what to expect and where to look for signs of growth.

How Clinicians and Clients Track Progress in Trauma Therapy

• Session Check-Ins: Quick conversations at the start or end of a session about mood, stress, or symptoms help track subtle changes over time.
• Validated Scales: Tools like the PCL-5 (for PTSD symptoms) or other brief assessments can help clients and therapists measure symptom reduction, always with sensitivity and consent.
• Personal Reflection and Journaling: Clients track growth by noticing shifts in self-talk, relationships, or daily functioning, sometimes with prompts from the therapist.
• Goal Setting and Review: Therapy often sets specific, realistic healing goals revisited every few weeks, focusing on wins instead of just what’s “not working.”

How Organizations Assess Trauma Informed Mental Health Treatment

• Staff Training Evaluation: Organizations monitor how many staff members complete ongoing trauma training, ensuring knowledge stays up to date and practical.
• Policy and Practice Audits: From intake forms to confidentiality policies, clinics regularly review procedures to make sure they match trauma informed best practices and don’t create barriers.
• Client Satisfaction Surveys: Honest feedback from clients is collected and acted upon, looking for gaps and places to improve cultural responsiveness and emotional safety.
• Implementation Metrics: Data on appointment access, drop-out rates, and follow-ups can show how well services meet client needs over time.

Next Steps: Finding Trauma Informed Support and Resources

• Reflect on Personal Fit: Before reaching out, consider what matters most to you, do you need a specific cultural, creative, or trauma-focused approach? Many practices, including trauma-informed therapy programs, are tailored for Asian Americans or adult children of emotionally immature parents, combining EMDR, IFS, and somatic care for deep, culturally attuned healing.
• Look for Specialized Training: Seek providers or organizations that explicitly mention trauma informed care and evidence-based methods, offering therapies adapted to your needs.
• Explore Trauma Informed Resources: There are invaluable online and in-person resources, articles, guides, and provider directories, to help you learn more and decide if a certain approach is right for you.
• Ask Questions and Advocate: It’s okay to ask therapists about their approach to trauma, cultural sensitivity, and ongoing professional growth. Your healing journey deserves transparency and respect at every turn.

No matter where you start, every small step toward trauma informed support is a powerful act of self-respect and hope.

Conclusion

Trauma informed therapy is a powerful shift in how we approach healing, it sees each person as whole, worthy, and resilient, no matter the pain or history they carry. By centering safety, trust, empowerment, and cultural respect, this approach opens doors to true recovery. The path is never linear, but every act of reaching out, speaking your truth, or seeking resources builds momentum for lasting change. Healing begins when we’re met with understanding, and every step toward that support is worth celebrating.

FAQs

How do I know if I need trauma informed therapy instead of regular counseling?

If you experience recurring distress, feel stuck in unhelpful patterns, or notice emotional or physical reactions tied to past events, trauma informed therapy can offer specialized support. It differs from general counseling by addressing the root of your experiences and emphasizing safety, trust, and empowerment at every stage of healing.

Can trauma informed therapy help with physical symptoms like headaches or fatigue?

Yes, it can. Trauma often shows up in the body as pain, tension, fatigue, or other physical issues. Trauma informed therapists integrate body-based awareness and coping strategies, sometimes combined with creative or somatic therapies, to address these symptoms alongside emotional healing.

How long does trauma informed therapy usually take?

There’s no set timeline, healing is individual and typically unfolds gradually. Some people notice positive changes after a few months, while others work through layered trauma over a longer period. The focus is always on respecting your pace and goals, rather than rushing to “finish” therapy.

What should I look for in a trauma informed therapist or organization?

Look for therapists who mention ongoing trauma training, offer client choice, center cultural sensitivity, and welcome questions about their approach. Organizations should be clear about policies that support emotional and psychological safety, and they should invite honest feedback about your needs and experiences.

Are creative therapies like art or music really effective for trauma?

Absolutely. Creative arts and music therapies provide safe, nonverbal pathways for expressing and processing trauma. They support emotional regulation, self-understanding, and mind-body connection for clients of all ages, and are especially valuable when words alone can’t reach the depth of your experience.

References

• Berring, L. L., Holm, T., Hansen, J. P., Delcomyn, C. L., Søndergaard, R., & Hvidhjelm, J. (2024). Implementing trauma-informed care—Settings, definitions, interventions, measures, and implementation across settings: A scoping review. Healthcare, 12(9), 908.
• Wilson, G., Farrell, D., Barron, I., Hutchins, J., Whybrow, D., & Kiernan, M. D. (2018). The use of eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in treating post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic narrative review. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 923.
• Baker, F. A., Metcalf, O., Varker, T., & O’Donnell, M. (2018). A systematic review of the efficacy of creative arts therapies in the treatment of adults with PTSD. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(6), 643–651.